important events, global
Invention of the wheel and plough in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq); invention of the sail in Egypt: three fundamental inventions for trade, agriculture and exploration.
Invention of writing in Mesopotamia: the means to record and understand human history. It is generally agreed that this is when recorded history began
Upper Egypt came north and invaded Lower Egypt, unifying the two kingdoms under a single ruler who took the title of pharaoh and wore a double crown. Most accounts attribute this moment to King Menes or King Narme.
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact. Construction began in 2580 and did not finish until 2560; during the 4th dynasty. Hemiunu is the arcitect of the venture and the pyramid was built for the pharaoh khufu.
beginning with socrates, greek philosphy grew. these were the men who formed democracy as we know it today and had a hand in the tutorage of many great thinkers, including alexander the great. they are considered the founders of western philosophy
socrates is known for the socratic method
plato wrote the republic
aristotle is well known for teaching alexander the great
Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. Alexander conquered the known world of the time. His empire stretched from Rome through Western Asia, the Balkins and into Norther Africa. Through him the Ptolemy dynasty of Egyptian rulers were born when he put a Greek general in the seat of power in Egypt.
The last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, nominally survived as pharaoh by her son Caesarion. As a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, she was a descendant of its founder Ptolemy I Soter, a Macedonian Greek general and companion of Alexander the Great. She was the only ruler of her dynasty who actually spoke the Egyptian language. She had romantic affairs, often politically based, with both Marc Antony and Julius Caesar. She took her life prior to being brought to Rome.
Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman statesman and general who played a critical role in the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. Assassinated on March 15, 44 BC
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity it included large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia ruled by emperors. First ruler was Augustus born Gaius Octavius Thurinus.
Pompeii was an ancient city located in what is now the comune of Pompei near Naples in the Campania region of Italy. Pompeii, along with Herculaneum and many villas in the surrounding area, was buried under 13 to 20 ft of volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79. It has one of the most well preserved archaeological sites in the world.
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or Medieval Period lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. More accurately the period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453), or, more narrowly, from c. 1100 to 1453.
Genghis Khan, also officially Genghis Emperor, was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death. He came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. He was born: April 16, 1162 in Delüün Boldo. He died August 18, 1227, Yinchuan, China and was burried in Khentii, Mongolia. He is widely considered one of the most violent conquerors who ever united an empire.
The Renaissance was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. Widely agreed that the Renaissance began in Florence, Italy. It was a time well known for forward thinking and great artists; Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rafael, Titan, Botecelli, among others.
Bubonic plague, Black Death, also known as the Pestilence and the Great Mortality, was the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, resulting in the deaths of up to 75–200 million people in Eurasia and North Africa, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. It spread through fleas from rats
The Medici Bank was a financial institution created by the Medici family in Italy during the 15th century. It was the largest and most respected bank in Europe during its prime. There are some estimates that the Medici family was, for a period of time, the wealthiest family in Europe. The two most important members were Cosimo who launched the family bank into prosperity in Florence, and Lorenezo who became known as the Magnificent.
The Pazzi conspiracy was a plot by members of the Pazzi family and others to displace the Medici family as rulers of Renaissance Florence. On 26 April 1478 there was an attempt to assassinate Lorenzo de' Medici and his brother Giuliano. Lorenzo was wounded but survived; Giuliano was killed. The Pazzi plot/conspiracy took place on April 26, 1478 during Sunday Mass. Included in the conspiritors were Pope Sixtus IV, Girolamo Riario, Francesco Salviati and Francesco de' Pazzi.
Henry VIII was King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and, in particular, his efforts to have his first marriage annulled. He broke with the Catholic church, unheard of for its time, and began the Church of England which still reigns today with the Queen as its head.
wives
Catherine of Aragon - divorced (daughter: Queen Mary I)
Anne Bolyen - beheaded (daughter: Queen Elizabeth I)
Jane Seymour - died (son:King Edward IV)
Anne of Cleeves - annuled
Catherine Howard - beheaded
Catherine Parr - Henry's death
Reformation was a movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in particular to papal authority. Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517
Mary, Queen of Scots, also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567. Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland, was six days old when her father died and she acceded to the throne. Born December 8, 1542 in Scotland and gained the thrown just 6 days later. Died by beheading February 8, 1587. She was married three times, once to Francis II of France and then to two British citizens. Mary and Elizabeth I were first cousins once removed through King Henry VII of England. Two of Henry VII's eight children were Henry VIII Tudor and Margaret Tudor. Margaret went to Scotland and married James IV; their son, James V, had Mary with his second wife, Mary of Guise
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor. She was born September 7, 1533 to King Henry VIII and his second wife Anne Boylen. She had her first cousin once removed, Mary Queen of Scots beheaded for treason.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616), Christopher Marlow (1564 - 1593) Francis Beaumont (1584 - 1616) John Fletcher (1579 - 1625) Thomas Middleton (1580 - 1627) Thomas Kyd (1558 - 1594) are considered the most well known of the Elizabethan era playwrites. Many of who are still credited with great achievements in literature.
Calculus, originally called infinitesimal calculus or "the calculus of infinitesimals", is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. Isaac Newton used calculus for laws of motion and gravitation while Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was the first to state clearly the rules of calculus.
The Jacobite risings, also known as the Jacobite rebellions or the War of the British Succession, were a series of uprisings, rebellions, and wars in Great Britain and Ireland occurring between 1688 and 1746. The culmination of the rising was during the Battle of Culloden, also called Battle Of Drummossie, (April 16, 1746), the last battle of the “Forty-five Rebellion,” when the Jacobites, under Charles Edward, the Young Pretender (“Bonnie Prince Charlie”), were defeated by British forces under William Augustus, duke of Cumberland.
British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discover a step leading to the tomb of King Tutankhamen in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. On November 26, 1922, Carter and fellow archaeologist Lord Carnarvon entered the interior chambers of the tomb, finding them miraculously intact.
Tutankhamun, Egyptological pronunciation Tutankhamen, was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th dynasty during the New Kingdom of Egyptian history.
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